Loads for viral title work: 7 named frameworks, 6 playbooks, 16 templates, 12 anti-patterns, cited examples.
Hooks: KB-distilled hook patterns and templates
Distilled from 4 YouTube practitioner knowledge bases covering B2B SaaS SEO, AI search, parasite SEO, programmatic tactics, personal-brand content, and YouTube growth. Titles cited are real viral or high-engagement examples from the source channels with view counts where captured. Every tactic ties back to behavior observed in the wild, not theory.
Use this file as a companion to the main SKILL.md. The main file teaches hook craft. This file shows how practitioners actually built hooks that moved views, subscribes, clicks, and pipeline.
Named frameworks
Title-Thumbnail Teamwork
Split duties. The title carries the literal search keyword (matches what people type). The thumbnail carries the persuasion (sells the click with a different angle). If you try to stuff both into one, both get worse. Kevin Stratvert's canonical example: title "Open Cloud tutorial for beginners" (keyword match), thumbnail text "Painless setup" (emotional payoff). This pattern drove 16M+ monthly views for Teacher's Tech on 507 videos targeting search intent with non-clickbait titles.
Apply to: YouTube, LinkedIn video posts, any surface with a thumbnail plus title/caption.
Call-Out × Condition-for-Value
The two-part anatomy every hook must satisfy: identify the target (call out) AND promise a payoff (condition for value). Missing either part kills conversion. Most failing hooks have a payoff but no call-out (vague, addresses "everyone") or have a call-out but no payoff (identifies the person but gives no reason to keep reading). Covered in main SKILL.md; restated here because every other framework builds on it.
Pattern interrupt formula
Open with something the audience is not conditioned to expect in the format. Breaks the automatic scroll/hang-up/skip reflex. Works in three contexts:
- Cold calls. Self-aware interrupt acknowledging the cold call: "Hey [name], I know I'm an interruption. Can I grab 30 seconds to share why I'm calling, or would you like to slam the phone down right now?" Most prospects give you the time because you broke the script. Works because prospects are conditioned to hang up on cold calls: without breaking the pattern, you lose attention in seconds.
- Cold DMs. Short, under-200-character openers that do not read as pitches. "Hey [name] had a weird idea for your podcast or your YouTube. I wondered if you'd be against a chat." The word "weird" is the interrupt. "Had a weird question, you up for a quick convo?" peaks curiosity in a feed of standard pitches.
- Video and ad opens. First 2-5 seconds must look or sound different from the feed around them. Unexpected visuals, incongruous scenes, provocative statements. A screenshot of a unique feature with novelty caption ("here's what [platform] doesn't have until today") drove 800 leads from one LinkedIn post for Carrot at 100K-200K views.
Curiosity gap with payoff delivery
Withhold one critical piece of information in the hook so the reader must continue to resolve it. Critical caveat: the article, video, or post must answer the question. Google Discover penalizes headlines that tease and do not deliver, and humans stop clicking once they spot the pattern.
Build by: naming the subject, implying the outcome, hiding the mechanism. "How [person] built a $50k/month B2B business" names the outcome, hides the method. "The SEO fundamental EVERYONE gets wrong" names the category, hides the specifics. "The Google update that crushed his business overnight" (674K views, Ahrefs) names the effect, hides the cause.
Contrarian hook pattern
Take a position the audience currently holds and flip it. Creates cognitive dissonance: the reader must keep going to resolve the mismatch between what they believe and what the hook claims. Works best when the contrarian take is defensible with data, not just provocation.
Structural variants:
- "X is dead, here's what works now." "RIP Cold Email: Here's What Works Now" (817K views, Sam Dunning). "Guest Blogging Is DEAD for SEO (According to Google)" (Sam Dunning). Frames the old way as obsolete, the new way as the payoff.
- "Most [audience] get this wrong." "Most Founders Are Using AI Agents Wrong (Just Get THIS Right)" (7,797 views, Leveling Up). "The SEO fundamental EVERYONE gets wrong" (Ahrefs).
- "[Common belief] is actually [opposite]." "Google Recommends Outbound Links (Most SEOs Ignore This)" (Sam Dunning). "Exact Match Domains Still Work (Most SEOs Are Wrong)" (Sam Dunning).
Specificity-over-generality rule
Numbers, names, currencies, time windows, and situations outperform abstract claims every time. "I made money online" is generic. "$18K in SEO turned into $1.7M for a Garage Door Company" (Ahrefs) is specific and clickable because the numbers signal a real outcome.
Practitioners layer specificity in three places:
- In the subject. Exact dollar amounts, exact timeframes, exact audience size. "$1 vs $100M Claude User" (8,692 views). "7 Insane Claude Code Use Cases for Revenue Generation" (7,643 views).
- In the call-out. "Founders", not "people". "B2B SaaS marketers", not "marketers". Hyper-specific audience reads attract fewer clicks but deliver far more qualified ones. Apparent CPL rises; actual cost per qualified lead and cost per conversion drops.
- In the proof. "3 Step Strategy", "11 Minutes", "in 6 Weeks", "in 2 Hours" lock the reader into a specific process instead of hand-waving.
Trigger event hook (Bob Moesta)
Ask: what was happening the day they decided to buy? Nobody wakes up wanting to buy hosting. Find the precipitating event. That event becomes the hook. WP Engine's example: trigger was "I got hacked". The customer felt violated, willing to pay 10x to never repeat it. The hook writes itself from the trigger. Apply to every customer interview: "What was happening when you decided to switch?" Capture the exact event. Use those events as ad hooks, email subject lines, landing page headlines.
Playbooks
Building a 50-hook library (first-time, compounding)
One-off hook writing wastes time. Build a library, run it, and update it. This playbook gets you to the first 50 hooks that fuel the next 6-12 months of content.
- Find the top-performing content, ads, and emails in your category. Yours and competitors'. Pull screenshot evidence of hooks, not headlines. Hooks are the first line, first 5 seconds, subject line, not the entire asset.
- Isolate only the hooks. Strip out the body. Write each hook on its own line in a spreadsheet with columns: platform, hook text, performance metric, link back to source.
- Write your favourite 50. Mix formats: label, yes question, open question, conditional, command, statement, list, narrative.
- Test all of them. Email subject lines in active A/B splits. Ad creative rotated through. Video openings recorded fresh for the same content angle. Social post first lines swapped on the same body.
- Track performance per hook. Let data pick the winners. Subjective preference does not beat measured CTR, reply rate, watch retention, or lead volume.
- Promote winners to a proven list. The top 5 patterns drive 70% of your ongoing output (see 70-20-10 in main SKILL.md).
Ongoing: every week, review the top 10% performers, pick 5 new hook patterns, allocate next week's content against them. Remove what stopped working. Add new winners discovered in competitor feeds or adjacent niches.
LinkedIn post hook testing
Same body, different first line. LinkedIn only renders the first 1-2 lines before the "see more" cutoff. The hook is the only real variable that moves dwell time.
Procedure:
- Pick the content angle you want to test (one post body).
- Draft 5 different first-line hooks using the variety generator in the main SKILL.md: condition, label, yes question, open question, command, statement, list. Pick 3-5.
- Schedule 3-5 versions across 5-10 days (do not post same-day; LinkedIn throttles repeats).
- Measure: impressions, dwell-through rate (people who expand "see more"), comments (30x weight vs shares on LinkedIn; write to provoke replies, not shares).
- Winner gets scaled into derivatives: carousel, video opener, email subject line, YouTube title.
Carrot LinkedIn ad pattern that drove 800 leads from one screenshot post: take a unique feature screenshot, caption with novelty hook ("here's what [platform] doesn't have"), engage every comment for the first 4 hours. Expect 100-200K views when novelty is genuine.
YouTube title + thumbnail pair testing
Every YouTube video gets 3-4 title variations at minimum. Pick before publishing. Never ship the first title that comes to mind.
Variations to test across the same video:
- Keyword-first (SEO). Exact search term at the start: "YouTube SEO for beginners". Wins on Google and YouTube search.
- Curiosity-first (discovery). "Why 99% of B2B Marketers Never Rank on Google". Wins on the home feed and suggested.
- Specificity-first (proof). "How I Ranked This SaaS on AI Search in 6 Weeks" (386 views, Sam Dunning; deliberately specific). Wins on returning audiences who know you deliver numbers.
- Contrarian (if defensible). "Guest Blogging Is DEAD for SEO (According to Google)". Wins when your audience holds the opposite belief.
Thumbnail tests in parallel: face vs no face (close-up human faces crush), big text vs clean, emotional expression vs neutral. Teacher's Tech example proves clean thumbnails work when title matches search intent at scale.
YouTube creators who committed to title+thumbnail testing: Matthew Berman (Leveling Up interview), Ahrefs team (shift from hundreds-of-views to multi-hundred-thousand-view videos on the same channel).
Reddit + YouTube comment hook
Comments are inbound machines if the first line earns attention. Reddit operators use comment hooks the same way copywriters use subject lines.
Pattern:
- Find a high-traffic thread on your topic. Reddit, Hacker News, YouTube video comments.
- First line is a contrarian or specific claim. Not a pitch. Not a self-intro. Example: "I ran this exact test on 744 articles across 68 sites" (then cite the finding). "I've been running cold email for 3 years and this specific subject line pattern hits 47% open."
- Payoff in the next 1-2 lines. Give the actual finding, then open a loop that links back to a longer piece if the reader wants more.
- No selling. The comment hook builds profile views and inbound, not direct clicks.
Pinned profile post or clear bio is the conversion layer. Someone reads your comment, clicks your name, sees the pinned post, finds your product. This is how operators turn comment volume into inbound interest without pitching in-thread.
Money-keyword title formula (listicle page)
Listicle pages rank fast on low-difficulty competitor keywords and LLMs love citing them. The H1 and title formula is rigid on purpose. It matches exactly what buyers search.
H1: "We evaluated the top [N] [competitor] alternatives of [year]"
URL slug: /[competitor]-alternatives
Meta title: "Top [N] [competitor] alternatives [year] | [your brand]"
RB2B ranked #1 on Google within 30-40 days using this exact structure for "lead feeder alternatives". Near-zero difficulty, 100-300 searches per month, ships steady signups since. The Mark Vision EU team used the same structure and saw demo requests rise within 6 weeks plus surprise citations in ChatGPT and Gemini for the alternative keywords.
The title formula is the hook. Buyers typing "[competitor] alternatives" are at the bottom of the funnel. The hook matches their query verbatim.
"RIP X, here's what works now" framing across formats
This framing works across YouTube titles, blog titles, LinkedIn posts, email subject lines, and paid ads because it compresses the old-way-vs-new-way narrative into one line. The viewer/reader thinks: "wait, X is dead?" which earns the click.
Cadence of real titles that used this pattern:
- "RIP Cold Email: Here's What Works Now" (Sam Dunning, 817K views in the KB sample)
- "Guest Blogging Is DEAD for SEO (According to Google)" (Sam Dunning)
- "SEO is dead, long live SEO" (Eric Siu's framing of Search Everywhere Optimization)
- "F*ck It, Here's My $100M SEO Strategy" (Leveling Up, 3,448 views)
Apply when you have genuine new information that contradicts a widely-held practice. Do not apply to trivial shifts or you will burn trust.
Tactics (specific hook templates)
Real templates practitioners deployed. Replace the brackets with your own inputs.
"RIP [thing]: here's what works now" pattern
- "RIP [old channel]: Here's what works now"
- "RIP [old tactic]: here's the [year] playbook"
- Use when: something genuinely changed. Never use as generic clickbait.
"The [adjective] [thing] that [result]" pattern
- "The brutal truth about [topic]"
- "The smartest way to [action]"
- "The only [thing] you need for [outcome]"
- Examples from the KB: "The Only Cold Calling Script You Need" (867 views), "The ONLY B2B Marketing Strategy You Need in 2026" (1,221 views), "The AI Clickbait King: How One SEO Built 9,000 Websites" (N8w4-MOG_0M, Ahrefs).
Numbered list opening
- "[Number] [things] that [action/outcome]"
- "[Number] reasons [target audience] never [achieves outcome]"
- "[Number]-step process I used to [outcome]"
- Examples: "7 Insane Claude Code Use Cases For Revenue Generation" (7,643 views), "How to Build a Full B2B SEO Strategy in 11 Minutes (LIVE)" (647 views), "17 Years of Brutally Honest SEO Advice" (41K views, Ahrefs), "The 5-Minute SEO Hack".
Dollar-figure proof opening
- "How [specific person/company] made $[amount] in [time window]"
- "From $[small] to $[large] in [time window]"
- Examples: "How $18K in SEO Turned Into $1.7M for a Garage Door Company" (Build in Public, 2,981 views), "How a White Hat SEO Campaign Made $53K in 45 Days (With Proof)" (Build in Public), "Claude Code Magically Found Me $10.4M In Sales Opportunities" (3,707 views, Leveling Up), "$1 vs $100M Claude User" (8,692 views).
Time-crunch opening
- "In [tiny time window] I'll [big promise]"
- "Give me [N minutes] and I'll [outcome]"
- Examples: "Give me 8 Minutes and You'll Win at SEO in 2025" (69K views, Ahrefs), "Give Me 7 Minutes and I'll Tell You Why Your Marketing Isn't Working" (874 views), "How Manus Did $45,000 of Quality SEO Work In 20 Minutes".
Question-first opening
- "What would you do if [scenario]?"
- "Would you [small action] to get [big result]?"
- "How long does it actually take to [outcome]?"
- Examples: "Are You Ready To Outsmart 99% Of People?" (538 views), "Can You Rank on Google Without Backlinks?" (6,006 views), "Do YouTube Ads Actually Work? (Experiment)" (7,450 views), "Is Your Web Host Killing Your SEO?" (1,464 views).
Authority-borrowing opening
- "[Named expert] says [claim]"
- "[Big brand] did this: here's how"
- Examples: "Nathan Gotch on Building AI SEO SaaS" (2,269 views), "Meet The Man Using Google to Steal Customers From Tinder" (7,813 views), "How Shopify Used Google to Build a $135B Business" (12,031 views), "How IBM Took Over 'AI' Keywords on Google" (Build in Public).
Reveal/exposé opening
- "What Google doesn't want you to know about [topic]"
- "The truth about [topic]"
- "What actually happened when [event]"
- Examples: "What Google Doesn't Want You to Know About Their Search Algorithm" (40K views, Ahrefs), "The Truth About SEO Hijacking & Duplicate Content" (Build in Public), "Google's Helpful Content Update DESTROYED the Internet (What Actually Happened)" (5,131 views, Build in Public).
Personal-story opening (narrative)
- "One day I was at [scene] and [unexpected thing]"
- "I was [previous state], then [trigger event]"
- "Here's what happened when I [action]"
- Examples: "I Took The Risk.. And It Paid Out (Literally)" (6,189 views), "I Paid Zero Star Fiverr Freelancers to Rank #1 On Google" (120K views, Ahrefs), "I Built a Full B2B SEO Strategy in 11 Minutes (LIVE)" (647 views), "Claude Code Replaced My Marketing In 20 Minutes" (59K views).
Novelty screenshot hook (LinkedIn)
- "Here's what [platform] doesn't have until today"
- Screenshot of unique feature + novelty caption
- Engagement within first 4 hours drives reach
- Pattern drove 800 leads from one LinkedIn post (Carrot, Leveling Up)
"Weird idea/weird question" cold opener
- "Hey [name] had a weird idea for your [podcast/YouTube/newsletter]"
- "Had a weird question, you up for a quick convo?"
- Under 200 characters, mention their channel specifically
- Sam Dunning example: drove high DM acceptance rates for podcast/guest-post outreach
Self-aware cold-call opener
- "Hey [name], you're probably going to absolutely hate me. It's a dreaded cold call. Do you want to hang up now or can I grab 30 seconds?"
- Then deliver top-3-pain-point opener: "[Buyer persona] often bring us in because they're tired of [pain 1] OR [pain 2] OR [pain 3]. Any of those ring a bell?"
Geopolitical/weather/news injection (cold email subject)
- "don't get caught like [current news figure]" (when analogizing to spam filters)
- "I bet you're a bit frosty in [target city]" (weather-triggered)
- "[Model release] + [your topic] = ?" (tech trend)
- Rule: never recycle templates. Every new campaign gets a fresh angle tied to what's happening this week.
Experiment-proof opening
- "I tested [thing] on [sample size]"
- "He Tested It: [finding]"
- "[Result] in [timeframe]: [how]"
- Examples: "He Tested It: Expert Quotes Get You Cited by AI in 2 Hours" (2,415 views, Build in Public), "I Tried Viral SEO Tips to Rank #1 in Google" (152K views, Ahrefs), "I Analyzed 1M Sales Proposals, Here's How to Craft Proposals That Close" (2,117 views).
"Without X" promise
- "How to get [outcome] without [the thing they hate]"
- "Rank #1 without [expected prerequisite]"
- Examples: "How Orb Ranked #1 on Google Without Backlinks" (3,701 views), "Ranking Without Backlinks" (Build in Public Q&A), "How to Rank #1 Without Backlinks" (recurring Sam Dunning topic).
Mistake/warning opening
- "Watch this before you [mistake they're about to make]"
- "Stop doing [X], here's why"
- "The [number] mistakes [audience] make"
- Examples: "Stop Pogo-Sticking: 5 UX Principles That Skyrocket SEO & Conversions" (2,240 views), "Stop Hoarding SEO Authority: Nofollow Links Don't Work the Way You Think" (2,249 views), "The #1 SEO Productivity Mistake That's Killing Your Results" (1,584 views).
Examples (titles that drove high views)
Real viral titles from the source KBs with view counts. Use as pattern exemplars, not content to copy.
Ahrefs (channel style: curious, experiment-heavy, number-led):
- "I Used ChatGPT to Rank #1 in Google (in One Hour)": 407,390 views
- "The Google Update That Crushed His Business Overnight": 674,014 views
- "SEO in 2025: How I'd Learn it if I Were Starting Over": 454,898 views
- "I Paid Zero Star Fiverr Freelancers to Rank #1 On Google": 120,491 views
- "I Tried Viral SEO tips to Rank #1 in Google": 152,395 views
- "Watch This If Your Website Gets Under 10k Visits/Month": 175,580 views
- "The Genius Marketing Strategy In Ryan Trahan's 50 States Challenge": 117,897 views
- "Google's Latest Update Destroyed This Gamer's $1M Business": 107,548 views
Sam Dunning (B2B SaaS SEO; lower raw views, higher qualified audience):
- "RIP Cold Email: Here's What Works Now": 817 views in filter window, high engagement
- "A $1.5M SaaS SEO Strategy (Full Breakdown)": 1,746 views
- "A Complete Guide to AI SEO in 2026 (AEO, GEO, LLMO)": 2,065 views
- "The NEW Way to Do Outbound Sales in 2026": 1,798 views
- "How to Scale a SaaS From $0 to $6.7M in 2 Years": 2,095 views
Leveling Up (Eric Siu; AI/agents era):
- "Claude Code Replaced My Marketing In 20 Minutes": 59,985 views
- "Claude Code Will Make You Filthy Rich (No Coding Skills Needed)": 28,415 views
- "Everyone's Using OpenClaw Wrong (Here's How to Actually Make Money)": 23,900 views
- "How Claude Code Replaced My Marketing Team": 12,336 views
- "$1 vs $100M Claude User - How OpenClaw, Claude Code Will Make You Rich": 8,692 views
Build in Public (Edward Sturm, parasite SEO):
- "How $18K in SEO Turned Into $1.7M for a Garage Door Company": 2,981 views
- "The AI Clickbait King: How One SEO Built 9,000 Websites": 3,063 views
- "How a White Hat SEO Campaign Made $53K in 45 Days (With Proof)": 3,746 views
- "Google's Helpful Content Update DESTROYED the Internet": 5,131 views
Anti-patterns
Generic "How to X" without specificity
"How to do SEO" beats nothing but loses to "How I Ranked a New Site to 100K Monthly Visits in 90 Days With 12 Blog Posts". Add numbers, names, timeframes, or a concrete counter-intuitive claim. "How to" by itself is not a hook: it is a category label.
Clickbait without delivery
Withholding information in the hook is fine. Failing to answer it in the body is not. Google Discover clicked-and-bounced pages get throttled. Human readers stop clicking your titles after 2-3 burns. The curiosity gap works only when the payoff matches the promise.
Lowercase informal in B2B contexts
Audiences buying B2B software expect a certain register. "hey what's up" openers read as unprofessional on LinkedIn to decision-makers. Match the reader's expected register for the platform: LinkedIn = business-professional, Twitter = casual-expert, YouTube = direct-expert, cold email = warm-professional.
Self-promo listicles that rank yourself #1
LLM citations work (AirOps reportedly built business model on it). Humans spot it and brand trust drops. Short-term LLM wins do not outweigh long-term reputation damage. Earn third-party listicle placements instead: DR 40+ sites with 2K+ monthly organic traffic, positioned #1 in 5 different places, and LLMs cite you reliably.
Ego-driven opening
"I'm so excited to share..." fails because nobody cares about you yet. Lead with the reader's problem, outcome, or curiosity. Self-intro comes after attention is earned.
Burying the hook
Warm-up sentences before the actual hook kill attention. Start with the hook. No context. No greeting. No "as we all know". Example of bury-the-hook: "In today's digital landscape where SEO is constantly evolving, it can be hard to know what works..." Example of lead-with-hook: "Guest blogging is dead for SEO (according to Google)."
Vague promises
"In this video you'll learn something incredible" means nothing. Specificity beats vagueness: "In 8 minutes you'll learn the 3-step SEO strategy that ranked a new SaaS from zero to 50K monthly visits in 90 days."
Weak or absent call-out
If the hook addresses everyone, it addresses no one. Name the person: "If you're a B2B SaaS founder doing under $3M ARR and spending on SEO without seeing pipeline..." Hyper-specific attracts fewer eyeballs but converts far more of them.
Treating the hook as an afterthought
Writing the content first, then adding a hook. The hook should dictate what content gets made, not the reverse. Sam Dunning's 50-hook rule: record 10 hook variations for every 1 piece of ad content, pick the winner based on data.
Pure-AI headlines that read as AI
AI-generated titles default to safe, hedged, listicle-shaped patterns. They rank but they do not stop the scroll. Pattern: "The Ultimate Guide to X", "Everything You Need to Know About Y", "Top 10 Z Strategies for 2026". Add specificity, proof, or contrarian edge before publishing. Run title through a detection pass; rewrite until it sounds like a person with a point of view.
Same hook across every platform
Each channel has its own meta. LinkedIn = couple hundred words, business framing. Twitter/X = 240 chars or threads. YouTube = thumbnail + first 30 seconds. Instagram = 60 seconds with strong captions. Cold email = subject line + first line in preview pane. Do not cross-post the same format; rewrite the hook for each channel's attention pattern.
Abandoning a winning hook too early
Once a hook performs, do not move on. Squeeze it for 10x-100x output via the Colleidoscope Process in the main SKILL.md. Most advertisers move on too fast, leaving value on the table. Same proven message, different executions (outfit, backdrop, pacing, captions, music, order). The algorithm treats each variation as a new asset and finds different audiences.
Platform-specific notes
LinkedIn
Comments are weighted ~30x shares on LinkedIn's ranking system (confirmed by SparkToro testing). Write hooks to provoke comments, not shares. Ask questions, take positions, leave hooks for replies. Engage every comment in the first 4 hours to seed the thread.
YouTube
Subscribers are the 3rd or 4th source of views behind home feed recommends and discovery. Each video is judged on its own merits. Optimize every video for hook, retention, and thumbnail: not subscriber notifications. Carousels (uploaded as PDFs) are LinkedIn's #1 or #2 format, not YouTube. Use bold headlines, one idea per slide, end with a CTA slide.
Cold email
Keep subject lines short. Test question-format subject lines. Track open rate AND reply rate separately. If opens are high but replies are low, fix the body, not the subject. Layer current events into subject lines: geopolitical news, weather in target city, tech trends (model releases). Stops template fatigue.
Cold calls
Self-aware pattern interrupt + top-3-pain-point opener. Never "Hi, do you have a moment?": prospects are conditioned to hang up on that phrase. Break the script in the first 5 seconds.
Reddit and community comments
First-line hook is a contrarian or specific claim, not a pitch. Payoff in the next 1-2 lines. No selling. Pinned profile post or clear bio is the conversion layer. Over months, recurring "who is this?" clicks from community members become discovery of your product.
Google Discover
Close-up human faces in featured images beat product shots. Recognizable celebrities spike CTR. Headlines that withhold key info spike clicks (with article delivery). Never withhold without delivery: Discover penalizes it.
Sources cited
All links use ?t=<seconds> for precise timestamp navigation.
Sam Dunning (Breaking B2B):
Ahrefs:
Leveling Up (Eric Siu):
Build in Public (Edward Sturm):
Link all hook patterns tested in your work back to a source row in your hook-tracker spreadsheet. The patterns above are proven on B2B SaaS, creator/personal brand, and affiliate niches. Test before scaling. Kill what does not move a metric.